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particles, fields, classical and quantum theory

quantum theory was not something they wanted theorists. Most of them were taken, reluctantly, to this strange vision of the world because the classical theory, despite its superb grandeur, has some deep problems .



The main cause is the fact that they must coexist two types of physical objects: particles, each described by a finite number of parameters, three position and three times, and the areas requiring infinite number of parameters. This dichotomy is not physically consistent. For a system with particles and fields are in balance all the energy of the particles must be transferred to fields. This is a consequence of the phenomenon called "equipartition of energy" in the energy balance is shared equally among all degrees of freedom of the system. Because the fields are infinite degrees of freedom to the particles may be left with nothing at all.

classical atoms would not be stable because all the movement of the particles are transferred to the wave modes of the fields. When an electron orbiting the nucleus moves alededor should emit electromagnetic waves of increasing intensity to infinity in a small fraction of a second. At the same time describe a spiral that would close and sink into the core. But there is not anything like that. What is observed is quite inexplicable on the basis of classical theory. Atoms can emit electromagnetic waves (light) but only in flashes of specific discrete frequencies: observed sharp spectral lines and characteristics of each type of item. Besides, these frequencies satisfy rules that have nothing to do with the classical theory.

Another manifestation of the instability of the coexistence of fields and particles is the phenomenon known as "body radiation black. In 1900 Rayleigh and Jeans had calculated that the energy would be absorbed by the field, without limitation, in what has been called "ultraviolet catastrophe." Energy would constantly flowing into the country with increasing frequency.


Max Planck, in the same year, proposed a revolutionary idea to remove high-frequency modes of the "black body" electromagnetic oscillations that occur only in "quanta" whose energy E has a definite relation to frequency f, given by: E = hf, where h is a new fundamental constant of Nature, now known as constant Planck. With this extravagant ingredient, Planck was able to obtain a surprising agreement with theoretical experimentally observed dependence of the intensity with frequency, now called Planck's radiation law. Finally

electromagnetic radiation might occur only in discrete packets called photons. The light, after all, as Newton had insisted two centuries before had to be made up of "particles", although in the early nineteenth century Thomas Young demonstrated that consisted of waves. "Waves or particles?. In 1923 the French physicist Louis de Broglie proposed that particles of matter themselves sometimes behave like waves. The frequency Broglie wave f, of a particle of mass m satisfies the relation of Planck, combined with the mass / energy of Einstein.



The dichotomy between the particles / waves or oscillations of the field, who had been a feature of the classical theory is not observed in nature. Nature gets build a world consisting of particles and field oscillations are the same thing.






About:
- "The Emperor's New Mind." Roger Penrose.
- "The light, something about its history," . LBT.
- "Quantum physics is easy '. LBT.