Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cyst

Laws of chaos, life and intelligence

The science of chaos, curiously, has made a vital contribution to improving our understanding of the world. It was thought that life and intelligence it was pure coincidence but now we know that matter, blind in the balance, says potential far impossible under other conditions the same whenever there is the necessary energy input . With laws that govern our only hope was not long enough for stars to create the atoms necessary for life and is progressing through increasingly sophisticated agencies and adapted to the environment more efficiently, allowing it to appear the intelligence evolved species like ours.


If life and intelligence are printed in their own laws that govern the possibility of extraterrestrial life and intelligence are insured.

Ilya Prigogine received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977 for his contribution to the knowledge of dissipative structures in the physical world, ie the study of the emergence of order in conditions far from equilibrium. The term dissipative structure seeks to represent the association of ideas of order and dissipation. The new bottom line is that the dissipation of energy and matter, which is usually associated with the notion of loss and evolution towards disorder, becomes far from equilibrium, a source of order. These structures are the basis of life and in them the order was established based on nonlinear evolution equations, of much greater complexity near equilibrium where the solutions are much simpler and can be linearized.

Potential: Far
balance there are many solutions that there are potential near equilibrium. This wealth can lead us better to understand complex phenomena such as climate history of Earth and life itself. All this is linked to a nonequilibrium structure that was incomprehensible from an ancient perspective: non-equilibrium is not only degradation, but also construction. Neither time nor repetitive mechanical-degradation time of classical thermodynamics can explain the wealth of the world as we see it. Nature invents. Nothing is reversible. And the temporal dimension is far from exhausted the mathematical concept of absolute time, as the abstract conception of classical mechanics. In simple non-chaotic systems the attractor, a kind of representation of its dynamic variables is a simple geometric figure or a point, while in the chaotic are extraordinary complexity figures called strange attractors. Of this complexity can be drawn endless possibilities for the future evolution of the system.


mechanisms organization in dissipative structures can only occur when the external environment remains, by providing energy, the system away from equilibrium. The structure is created and maintained through the exchange of energy with the outside. So we called dissipative structures. Under certain conditions external criticism, the natural fluctuations and constant trace of a system can, instead of diminishing, amplified and drag the system in one direction or another. The branch of the fork that will choose the system is unpredictable, because the phenomenon is random and seems to chance.

The second law, order and disorder:
In an isolated system, the second law of thermodynamics tells us that disorder, entropy inevitably increases, but that does not prevent a part of that system with a contribution of energy and matter in their environment to increase its order and reduce its entropy. The total entropy is still increasing, but that part of the system is organized at the expense of increasing disorder around them. That's the essential story of living organisms. When external conditions change and become extreme the body is in crisis and bifurcation appear random phenomena that give options for survival. The system chooses one of the options that they adapt to new conditions. If you choose it again to find a period of stability governed by the order, if you re-enter again crisis disorder and the new election.

to Prigogine, science thought that life was a kind of chance, a rare phenomenon difficult to play, but we have learned that Prigogine field potential far from equilibrium manifests itself impossible in other conditions. The intuition that it was possible to develop a general thermodynamics of living systems or open and closed systems, isolated and inert, Ilya Prigogine earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.


More about Chaos:


History, dignity and butterfly effect.

Butterfly Effect, a strange attractor.

What Size Rims On Silverado

several letters, collages pulling the black chiaroscuro

Some notes, almost at random, on quantum gravity and black holes

On space-time holographic paradigm:
As our knowledge advances the universe displayed more questions, become the eternal questions that have become philosophers of all time, although the outlook has changed significantly. The basic principles that we see on quantum gravity tell us that space-time is not fundamental, eternal and still regard that we have always believed but emerges from a fundamental entity discrete (not continuous) and its own geometry must be inextricably linked causal relations between events.

Read more ...

............................. Strange light
black hole:
A black hole that does not leave anything (the classic case), nor any demonstration outside this when swallows matter with a lot of entropy, suggests a way too easy to reduce the entropy of matter outside it. As the hole cast material with high entropy would decrease the entropy outside. Be holes through which to "escape" the implementation of the second law of thermodynamics, the natural tendency to increase of entropy or disorder (see final note on the entropy). From the Big Bang, an explosion in perfect order, the total entropy of the universe has continued to grow and so will be to call heat death.

The strange light of black holes, dubbed Hawking radiation was who discovered, back disorder, entropy, in our universe that continues to degrade without remedy until its final death (the energy of heat radiation energy is degraded). Without that dim light black holes gobble, besides matter disorder. The classical determinism makes them less real black but ... the reality, for once, is not as "black" as portrayed.

Read more ...

..................

winged dragons and black holes:
black holes, wormholes, tunnels in space-time, travel time, spatial and temporal distortion, all these concepts that seem taken from a science fiction novel, part ya serious science is currently investigating, and no longer a paradox of physics, pure and hard science, to address issues in the past, esoteric. The matter to which we cling as the most robust, simple and real that we are becoming, increasingly, something full of mystery and complexity. Quantum physics and the theory of general relativity it is presented as something always in motion that merges with its own space and time. As we try to understand their own entrails appears as forming a kind of complex entity that a Nobel prize has not hesitated to call: matter-space-time. The strange creatures that are the holes black, with aroused curiosity among physicists to better understand the world around us. In a way his black beauty has cast a ray of light on our understanding of the universe which we stand.



Read more ...

......................

Before the Big Bang, quantum foam :

Quantum mechanics prepares us in some way the mind to imagine the creation of the universe from nothing curd a pre-spacetime quantum fluctuations. Already in the present universe teaches us that the vacuum is a real hotbed of creation and annihilation of particles virtual, at distances of the order of Planck, it becomes the so called "froth" quantum spacetime. It is nothing of what is known and familiar to us as it has entered the realm of the unknown, until now, quantum gravity.
Read more ...

...................

Hawking Radiation:
As more we know about these exotic creatures stellar surprised us most. We discovered that emit radiation (Hawking called) and are not as black as we painted them, that the area of \u200b\u200bits event horizon entropy measures us all and we betray the magnitude of the external disorder that has engulfed, and die in a burst of brutal power. It seemed that they wanted us to hide everything, and yet we have things that without them we would never have known about the actual birth of the universe and its end, as their properties for years have been lighting up the direction we need to discover the future theory quantum gravity: the key to the past and the future of the universe.

Read more ...

................ Gravitation


quantum critical distance and string theory:
A mathematical property as basic as the noncommutativity is the basis of what will be the future theory of gravitation quantum. The spatial lattice replacing the coordinates do not commute, ie if X is the quantum operator X and Y coordinate is the operator and the product is different from the product XY YX. The coordinates are simple classical real numbers that are switchable for granted because it does not matter to multiply the xy coordinates in that order or in the opposite x. This difference so abysmal gives us an idea of \u200b\u200bthe new complexity needed to properly describe the reality of spacetime.

Read more ...


A hug friends.

Can Goiters Cause Ovarian Cysts

Physical Fitness Level a person will directly affect your health. Nomalemnte good condition will be associated with good health. Hence the importance of work and develop our physical condition, for which it is necessary to improve the level of physical fitness: strength, endurance, speed and flexibility.
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Ebelskiver Pan Substitute

Markets, a form of blind power and linear. Brief physical description.

Aristotle considered the man a social animal (zoon politikon), which develops its goals within a community, the state, but for him the state was a kind of natural being which does not arise as a result of a pact or agreement. In the eighteenth century Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract, a book on political philosophy is about freedom and equality of mankind under the rule established by a social contract. This is the basic idea of \u200b\u200bwhat would be the French Revolution, a way to return sovereignty to the people who had lost at the hands of the aristocracy and the absolutist monarchy. An alleged divine origin would have turned over all the king's absolute power.

After more than 200 years of that revolution and an array of social struggles trying to defend the weak from the strong we are meeting with another absolute power, thanks to globalization, makes it practically useless all the social advances of more than two centuries. We managed to separate the absolute power, over which we had no control, we know the three branches, legislative, executive and judicial, got a parliamentary democracy that gave us control over the power that was supposed to emanate from the people and final return to be subjected to absolute power is called the Power of Financial Markets.

French Revolution In the absence of peaceful means to recover power the people had to take him by force and change the rules of the game. How can retake the power wielded by the financial markets ? I guess the only solution is social unrest capable of endangering the state itself and change the game again. In an interdependent world Markets are very powerful, but in essence that power is a mirage because the base is very weak, his feet are clay. A small country like Greece has been ready to topple the single European currency and cause a catastrophe on a planetary level. Under pressure from debt markets is greater pressure on States that will become a gun, tino increasingly, their own feet.


Our own body, like the societies that we are open systems far from equilibrium. When these systems become unstable (rev) return to find a new equilibrium based on the new environmental conditions. Markets can exert a linear drive with a clumsy situation, looking for a simple linearity is real and positive feedback thereby causing the system "swings" increasingly large and dangerous threatening the stability and own system to change its conditions mutates into a new stable solution. The feedback positively contributing to the rating agencies first encouraged an overweighting of assets, businesses and clearances and now known to exaggerate the pessimism about the solvency of the public debts of a number of countries (Miguel Boyer: "Making money betting on disaster" (El Pais, 30.04.2010)).


pity that behind all this, which is well explained in a very sterile, there are plenty of stories of suffering and tragedy. There are thousands and millions of people and history repeats itself again and again. Always the same tragedy, selfishness treading the dignity of individuals.


On systems far from equilibrium and History: History , dignity and butterfly effect. Some

detail: The order came from chaos, the butterfly effect.

Twaddle, repeat paragraph: "The exercise of market power that tends to drive linear awkwardly situations, looking for a simple linearity is not real and thus the positive feedback system causing "oscillations" increasingly large and dangerous threatening the stability and the system itself that changing conditions mutates into a new solution stable. "

What I call market are the Public Debt Financial, Bond , able to bend to the states themselves but can do virtually anything the citizens. A power beyond our control, over which we have no control , which decides on our property and our lives. Is there much difference with the absolute power of monarchs of the Old Regime?.

Very interesting, is not wasted : In December 1997, Ignacio Ramonet wrote an editorial in Le Monde Diplomatique with the title "Disarm the financial markets" in which he said, among other tasty things, that: "The disarmament of financial power should become a first-rate civic interest, if you keep the world in the next century becomes a jungle where predators impose their law. " Continue reading ... Financial markets against democracy.

Multi String Pearl Necklace

Mathematical Games "magic" and group structure


symmetries presented by the group algebraic structure can support an infinite number of mathematical games, magic .

Imagine the operation we will call Alpha Expression [7.1000000]: I raise the number 7 to 3x10 ^1000000 exponent, then most all the figures of the result, that amount and divide it by 9 am the rest (Note **) (module 9). If I say to that number, millions of numbers, the result is 1 and also I can assure you without even attempting the operation may seem almost a magic trick but in reality, the result is almost as simple as raising the unit to any finite power and as big as we want: the result is always 1.

The key to this apparent mathematical magic trick the algebraic structure is very important, group call, about which we have spoken sometimes (Ver1) (View 2) .

group module 9 of the sum of digits of a set of numbers with the product.
establish an internal operation (product) between the elements of a set {1,2,4,5,7,8} and observe the corresponding graph of group structure, which shows the relationship of each element with all others (1,2,4,5,7 and 8 values \u200b\u200bare not arbitrary, corresponding to the remainder (mod 9) of the sum of the numbers of each of the prime numbers that exist (except ***), Note the 3):



In view of the results showed some interesting properties:

Sum.mod.9 (2 ² ) = 4.
Sum.mod.9 (2 3) = 8.
Sum.mod.9 (2 4) = 7.
Sum.mod.9 (2 5) = 5.
Sum.mod.9 (2 6) = 1.
Sum.mod.9 (2 1) = 2.

This means that the 2 with the product operation is capable of generating all elements of the group. You can see that at 5 the same thing happens. Moreover, we find that:

Sum.mod.9 (2 6) = 1. Expression (a).
Sum.mod.9 (4 ³ ) = 1. Expression (b).
Sum.mod.9 (5 ⁶ ) = 1. Expression (c).
Sum.mod.9 (7 3) = 1. Expression (D).
Sum.mod.9 (8 2) = 1. Expression (e). Since

Sum.mod.9 (1 n) = 1, n whatever finite find that each of the expressions (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e ) could give an account finite, but arbitrarily large expressions like Alfa expression we used at the beginning of this post . For this, in particular, have taken the expression (d) that we have raised to the power 1000 000.

Note (**) 1000 000 Instead of going to see a couple of simple examples with exponents more affordable. For example exponent 3x10: 7 ³⁰ = 22539340290692258087863249. The sum of the numbers divided by nine (mod 9) gives the remainder "1".,

Another example, an example 3x7: 7 ²¹ = 558545864083284007, etc. Or the simplest of all 7 ³ = 343. The sum of the numbers is 10, and 10 / 9 is a division of rest "1."
easier to see: any number consisting of the unit followed by zero raised to any finite power unit will always followed by zeros, so the sum of its digits will always be unity. It is clear that in this case is no different, with numbers whose sum of digits and also "1" (module 9): 91 and 19, 28 and 82, 46 and 64 ... For example: 9 = 6,240,321,451, the sum of the numbers gives 28, 28 / 9 = 3, with other "1." With the other numbers in this list occurs equally.

Note (***): The distribution of primes less than 1000 compared to the rest module 9 of the sum of its digits (except 3), out of curiosity, is this: Rest 1 (27), other 2 (30), other 4 (26), 5 rest (29), other 7 (26) and other 8 (29). In total 167 primes.

Penny Boat Lab Write Up

Prime numbers, numbers one piece

Among

natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ,...,, n, there are some special issues that are only divisible by unity and by themselves. These numbers are called prime numbers and from which are known to have produced a strange fascination among mathematicians. There are infinite, Euclid made the first known demonstration of its infinity around 300 BC, but its distribution, apparently random, remains a mystery.

Somehow, could say that these numbers are "one piece" and all other natural numbers can be constructed from them by a process called factoring. The first prime numbers less than one hundred are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73 , 79, 83, 89 and 97. Each of them can only be written as: 2 = 2, 3 = 3 = 29 ,..., 29 ,..., 67 = 67, ..., etc.. While the rest of natural numbers need to be expressed in terms of primes: 4 = 2x2, 9 = 3x3 6 = 3x2, 8 = 2x2x2, ..., 30 = 2x3x5, etc.


an important expression is known theorem called prime numbers gives us the number of prime numbers that exist to a certain number. Approximately, for numbers large enough, the expression is: number of primes = (number) / natural logarithm (number). Applying the formula (number) = 1000 we get 145 cousins, when in fact there are 168. For 5000 we get a little more, the expression gives us 587 and there are actually 669, and as we test larger numbers we get closer, but the numbers converge very slowly, for 1000 86.3%, 87.7% for 5000 and 90% for 50000. Lagunas

with no prime numbers:

Between 1 and 100 there are 25 prime numbers, as we have seen, and list observed groups of digits, a species lagoons with no prime numbers from 24 to 28 and 90 to 96. Between 100 and 200 there are 23 cousins, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149.151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191.193, 197, 199. And as the gaps are 182 to 190. We may ask whether there are larger gaps between primes. At first glance, it seems that we will not find any of these gaps clearly with a sufficient amount of numbers, but it is not. can find as many as you want and the length you want, for it will use the following expression (may be many more): n! +2, from 2 to n. Let's see some examples: for n = 3, 3! = 3x2x1 = 6, 6 +2 = 8 and 6 +3 = 9. We found the first lake formed by 8 and 9. Continue with n = 4: 4! = 4x3x2x1 = 24, 24 +2 = 26, 24 and 24 +3 = 27 +4 = 28. We found three consecutive composite numbers, but with this expression we can find whatever we want, for example 101 numbers in a row (at least): 102! +2, 102! +3, 102! +3, ..., 102! +101.102! +102.

How many parts are made of numbers?

return to the title of the post, you can see the numbers as compounds formed by pieces of prime numbers. Any compound number, for example, 6 is equal the product of two primes 2x3, we can consider it as consisting of two parts, Part 2 and Part 3. Instead of prime numbers, as 7, are formed by only one piece. In a musical analogy the prime could be considered as a single primary harmonic, and composite number as a composition of cousins \u200b\u200bharmonics spectrum or decay form factor.

analyzing the factorization of a number as a product of primes, we could imagine any number is composed of many parts as its component prime factors. It is noted as a curiosity that numbers around 100 would be formed, as average of 2.7 for a product primes, around 1000 by a product of 2.96 primes, of 10000 and a product of 3.16 numbers, by 3.3 of 100000, 1000000; the by 3.42 and 3.64 of 10000000 by. We note that the number of "pieces" necessary to form any number increase very slowly, and this increase also decreases. It is somewhat amazing that while a 3-digit number needs to be factored three cousins \u200b\u200b( is made of three parts ), one of 10 places only need four ( is made of four parts ). course, speaking of these pieces are as diverse as 3 to 2000003, both are numbers cousins.

In a bizarre (and imaginary) quantum world consists of integers, it would be easy to find prime numbers . All composite numbers would be as a superposition of harmonic fuzzy prime while prime numbers appear clear and stable with a single configuration easily distinguishable. Some of this must occur owes Daniel Tammet, an autistic young English with an amazing capacity for numbers. When you think of them sees shapes, colors and textures that allow you to distinguish an amazing way. When multiplying two numbers you see two shadows at once there is a third shade that matches with the answer to the question. When you think of a number known to recognize him as prime or composite. I was watching the story on his life, his powers as a mathematician and his prodigious memory. His skills are amazing. Within a week, managed to learn, from scratch, enough Icelandic (language classified as very difficult) to keep well an interview on television in Iceland.

Somebody might seem that the study of prime numbers is of no use, of course is wrong (eye RSA encryption algorithm allows reliable transactions.) Any mathematical knowledge, however absurd we deem is related with many seemingly unrelated fields. Any advance in knowledge about prime numbers, for example, could be crucial to solve a problem most incredible field that comes to mind, both mathematical and physical. The reality is related and as the understanding we see that the knowledge we have of it is too.


A novel investigation of primes:

on prime numbers I remember reading an interesting novel entitled " Uncle Petros and Goldbach's conjecture ." The plot runs through the vicissitudes of a mathematician obsessed with checking the Goldbach conjecture famous on prime numbers, one of the oldest unsolved problems in mathematics. His statement is as follows: Any number greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes. I confess I did catch me like that has happened to countless readers. It is very entertaining and recommended.

... My thanks to Descartes page of the Ministry of Education, which has given me the calculations factoring large numbers I needed.
... I recommend to visit this magnificent page about prime numbers (in English).

Our friend Tito Eliatron sends us two very interesting links from your blog to a discussion of the mathematician, Fields Medal, Terry Tao : Part of the talk , second half. Thanks Tito.

Funny Slippers For Men

God, Hawking, the physical and metaphysical catastrophes

In this old post about the physics of higher dimensions recalled some words of Michio Kaku dismissing his famous book "Hyperspace": "Some people seek meaning in life through personal gain, to through relationships personal or through their own experiences. However, I think that being blessed with the intellect to divine the ultimate secrets of nature gives meaning enough to life. "

Since then it has rained a lot. Stephen Hawking has made some recent statements on science and God, indicating that it is not necessary to explain the origin of the Universe. I have been very surprised because since man discovered in ancient Mesopotamia, that nature is governed by a series of laws more or less complex the God's role is no longer crucial, in some ways. I mean in a way because how we show it was not He who has created these laws? Are laws "per se"? Does the fact that we get to know a perfect God does not need to explain the origin of all, even the origin of these laws? I think the main issue remains the same as for the Mesopotamians . On the physical and the metaphysical way to republish an old post. In the post Hawking himself comes to identify natural law "thinking of God." A greeting.

The previous post ended with a philosophical reflections of eminent physicist Michio Kaku on the meaning of life. While some do not like too, physicists are also people and often think, more than it seems, in important topics. That approach was the person that I decided to finish well.

Moreover, in the book of Michio Kaku , shortly before those thoughts will quote some words of Stephen Hawking (when he thought that the grand unification of fundamental interactions was next to arrive, at the end of century): "If we discover a complete theory, over time it might be understandable in broad principles for everyone, not just a few scientists. Then all of us, philosophers, scientists and simple normal people should be able to take part in the discussion the question of why we and the universe exist. If we find the response, would be the ultimate triumph of human reason-for then we would know the mind of God.

Well known is also the famous quote attributed to Einstein on quantum mechanics: "God does not play dice." Another phrase you related to its assessment of the keys that lead to understanding of physical laws said, "God is subtle, not malicious" (is awesome). Finally, in another of his thoughts saying: "I believe in Spinoza's God manifested in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who cares about the fate and human actions. "

Roger Penrose, one of the physical and mathematical scholars and creative touches the metaphysical world to comprehensively address the philosophical problem of the connection "mind-body." In his famous book "The Emperor's New Mind", goes the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and cosmology to pursue this important issue. Emerges as a philosopher of the first rank, who is not afraid to address problems that contemporary philosophers shipped calling them meaningless.

The eminent physicist David Bohm had a close relationship with the philosopher Krishnamurti that decisively influenced the formulation of physical theory on the order folding-unfolding and the holographic paradigm. His interpretation "apostate" of quantum mechanics.

In one recent post commented also on this aspect of Dirac: For Dirac, God must be a great mathematician and mathematics that we know we get to know a piece of your creation. Interestingly, Dirac was a big atheist. In this regard, Pauli wrote jokingly in his memoirs: "If I understand Dirac correctly, he says there is no God and Dirac is his prophet."

Paul Davies, professor of applied mathematics at King `s College London and professor of theoretical physics at the University of Newcastle, has an entire book devoted to" God and the New Physics. "

Finally, I believe that physicists have come to understand deeply the harmony and beauty contained natural laws can not stop thinking about a certain transcendence, believe or not believe in God. Feel the greatness of the mysteries that go beyond trying to fathom the purely physical. Metaphysics

, title given by the peripatetic philosopher Andronicus of Rhodes to the set of 14 books of the philosopher Aristotle Greek, when they were collected and edited by him (c. 70 BC), were "after (the) physical" (in Greek meta (ta) physica). Its content deals with what Aristotle himself defined as first philosophy: the study of being (what more general and common shared by all entities whose features are universal.) It is one of the major works of ancient Greek philosophy and is one of the most influential of all the history of Western philosophy. Its title gives its name to one of the main branches of philosophy, metaphysics.


On the controversy which has sparked've read Hawking an interesting phrase, precisely, a theologian: "Science is atheistic and would be a miracle who could prove the existence or nonexistence of God ."
Very good

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... can not find a more aesthetic notion that the recent
Catastrophe Theory of René Thom, which applies
the navel parabolic geometry as the continental drift.
Theory of René Thom has charmed all my atoms since the
met. ...
Dalí, 1985.


topological theory of singularities and bifurcations, called Catastrophe Theory (CT) was introduced by French philosopher and mathematician René Thom to study breaks or changes that occur in dynamic systems. Studied from the mathematical point of view what is commonly known as the "straw that broke the camel's back, the slightest hint that causes water to spill and moving from an unstable state to another stable.


Intuitively, and simplified form (topology "superelemental"), the interior points of a continuum would be regular points and the points that form the border points would be catastrophic. The regular points are surrounded by points having the same qualitative appearance in which no "nothing happens", as usual (continuity). In border points or catastrophic always "something happens" happens to be a continuity of the system to meet changing radical.__ This distinction between regular points and is preliminary catastrophic not only for the theory of catastrophes but for any discipline set alerts on any theoretically __. René Thom showed that for systems in which one or two variables involved and influencing the four parameters (time, temperature gradients or breaks ...), there are seven elementary catastrophes (morphologies or shapes), which Names have been very plastic and intuitive: folds, cusps, dovetails, butterflies and navels elliptical, hyperbolic and parabolic.


In his words: "The TC seeks to describe the discontinuities that might arise in the evolution of the system .. Intuitively, it is recognized that the global evolution of a system is presented as a continuous succession of developments, separated by sharp jumps of qualitatively different nature. For any continuous evolution remains within the classical differential type, but the jumps are to be passed to a differential system to another. Skips of a continuous evolution described by a system of differential equations to other continuous evolution described by another system and can not be excluded that a finite number of systems is not sufficient to describe the situation completely. " really clarifies that only a theory is a methodology , or perhaps a kind of language, which allows you to organize data experience in the most diverse.


René Thom has managed to bring math to the "morphology" and has studied the emergence topology tools, stability and the disappearance of forms, has found the meaning of things, as long as they are forms or morphologies, from certain invariants that are broken or singularities. This has been possible to classify the ways to proceed against such failures, the famous "catastrophe" elementary "in dynamical systems as varied as can be physical, linguistic, biological or social.



Despite the failure, according to the canons of TC-positivism of the scientific theory applied mathematics Thom opened the forms or morphologies of the world, to understand, to find its meaning, and not just driven by the interest in predicting events, classic exercise of the nineteenth century science. And it has begun to show their power to do so by permitting come across many of its fundamental concepts, structural stability, bifurcations, attractors ...- to understanding natural phenomena as complex and as common as "the form of a cloud a falling leaf, the foam of a beer glass. "



-> Paper : "Parables and disasters", by René Thom. A long interview in which he manages to clarify the deeper meaning of analogies ("parables") that explain some of the most enigmatic and fascinating phenomena discontinuous (or "catastrophe"). René Thom, in the seventies, challenged on his own ground for physicists and biologists, economists and linguists, proposing his theory of catastrophes, a new way of looking at all the changes that occur so sudden, unexpected, dramatic.


-> Web: morphological mathematics and science. Homage to Rene Thom.

reissue of an old post from 2007. I add a little humorous reflection on the subject. Happy summer friends, family calls me.

Stupidity and catastrophe theory

Normally, what we live at a particular time can be predicted with a reasonable margin, resulting in a certain awareness of continuity (normal). This continuity is often broken by unexpected events, many times by our own ignorance, we usually get in a sac called random. A percentage of these often have their origin in human stupidity.

Life consists of a rational, continuous and, therefore, expected and dashed Moreover, in many cases the rich. Stupidity can be very destructive (a priori almost always is), but the breakdown can be introduced by enriching and positive effects. In this respect their contribution can be understood as an "engine" but as a modulator of events. I think the engine always will.

rupture of continuity is studied by the so-called catastrophe theory (catastrophe understood that the single break of continuity). In that sense stupidity as opposed to capacity ratio, and the continuity it represents, could be regarded as catastrophic.

Disasters aside, the best book ever written on human stupidity is, without doubt, the book of Italian professor Carlo M. Cipolla: "Allegro ma non troppo." Includes two essays, "The role of pepper in the economic development of the Middle Ages" and "The fundamental laws of human stupidity," whose first fundamental law states: "Always and inevitably each one of us underestimate the number of individuals stupid move around the world. " It is a 85-page booklet published by Mondadori (1999), ISBN: 8439703058.

Why Is My Broken Leg Not Healing

Parables and Miss Leavitt, the depth of the universe and forgetting

The universe was a flat photograph. We only knew the distance of nearby stars using geometric methods, but the distant nebulae and star clusters were only bright spots in the cosmic panel with no depth. This was the situation at the beginning of the twentieth century, until a woman of fragile health, he found a tool to discover the true grandeur of the universe.


One of the objectives of International Year of Astronomy past was to claim the role of women in research astronomical. Generally, only the left part is, nothing more marginal issues, well into the twentieth century. This was the case Henrietta Swan Leavitt, who was among a group of women calculators Harvard Observatory.

With a limited budget, the director of the center wanted to save and hired women, with a minimum wage, were attentive, polite and patient, the right people to analyze thousands of photographic plates boring star fields. But Miss Leavitt, who was graduated from Radcliffe with a curriculum such that if it had been a man, would have provided a degree in humanities at Harvard, he accepted the tedious job of measuring the brightness of the stars in the Small Plates Magellan Nebula. And it was there that made the discovery of sixteen stars that have good properties curious: its brightness varies periodically and brightest have long-period variation. Since the distance that separates us from them is basically the same, the effect, now called period-luminosity relation of Cepheids, is really intrinsic and is an ideal tool to measure distances in our galaxy or beyond.


In a few years when I was alive the debate over whether the Milky Way was the only galaxy and therefore the whole universe, or if there were many galaxies and ours was one of many, Leavitt's contribution was essential to discern. Shapley was the first to use Miss Leavitt's stars to measure the Milky Way, but was Hubble who sensed the true dimensions of the universe, when cefeides first discovered in the Andromeda galaxy and then when he showed that galaxies are moving away from them suggesting a universe in motion and expansion.

Without the contribution of Miss Leavitt this spectacular progress in extragalactic astronomy the twenties of last century would not have been possible . She, meanwhile, never failed any academic recognition or labor. His employment status was not an assistant, despite the contribution to science he had done. Only at the end of his life he dared to the profession of an astronomer assigned to answer the question of an official census of Boston. Translation

beautiful overview of Enric Marco i Soler (Univ. Dept. Astronomy and Astrophysics Vcia) the book: "Before Hubble, misss Leavitt." George Johnson. Antoni Bosch Ed. Barcelona.2009. Number 66 of the Review Method of the University of Valencia.

Another review:
nearly a century ago, in a crowded office of the Centre Harvard, a brilliant woman, now almost forgotten, discovered the secret of the vastness of the universe.
Her name is Henrietta Swan Leavitt, and in the days when women were forbidden to have careers in science, was what was known as a "calculator"-a human calculator of numbers, that, struggling against a very weak health, discovered a new law that transformed cosmology.


Leavitt Using the law of the legendary astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that there were stars-and-whole galaxies beyond the Milky Way and the universe as we now know, is immeasurably large.
With the grace and skill that have made him one of the most distinguished science writers today, George Johnson astutely contrasts the magnitude of the discovery of Leavitt with the quiet darkness of his short life. Before Hubble, Miss Leavitt is both a brilliant story of how we measure the universe as the emotional story of a forgotten genius.

Comments from other astronomers today:
"Starting with the discovery of Henrietta Leavitt, who was instrumental in restoring the cosmological distances, the author describes the history of research an issue that even today is fascinating: how tall the universe. "
Cristina Manuel - Research Scientist, Space Science Institute, Spain

"This book weaves a wonderful way history, astronomy and the struggle of a young woman to make their mark in science."
Yolanda Gomez - Investigating Radio Astronomy Centre, Mexico

"Henrietta Swan Leavitt, and other astronomers at Harvard, worked almost anonymously in a world dominated by men, leaving an impressive legacy at that time were not recognized as they deserved, because their role was merely assistants, called "calculators" Harvard. "
Margarida Hernanz - Research professor, Institute of Space Sciences, Spain

Lego Bionicle Vezon And Kardas

Time, space- time holographic paradigm (*)

As advances our understanding of the universe appear more questions, become the eternal questions that have been made by philosophers of all time, although the outlook has changed significantly. The basic principles that we see on quantum gravity tell us that space-time is not fundamental, eternal and still regard that we have always believed but emerges from a fundamental entity discrete (not continuous) and its own geometry must be inextricably linked causal relations between events.


The book "The trouble with physics", titled in English "The doubts of the XXI century physics. Is string theory a dead end?" Written by a great physicist, Lee Smolin made me think at the time, when I read it, in many ways (it is a critical book about string theory and a good physics book) but mostly in a far-reaching on the nature of time. Smolin, reflecting on the future theory able to bring Einstein's general relativity and quantum mechanics (quantum gravity), speaks of having the feeling that both the one and the other theory are deeply mistaken about the nature time. Think we are missing something very important and essential about it.

Solution or problem? Time. Place
startup problem in the early seventeenth century, when Descartes and Galileo made, so really cool time as a new species from another dimension of space. In a chart placed the space axis x and the time in the y-axis, so that the movement itself appeared as a static curve. The movement, in some ways, was frozen and the change is presented static and unchanging. Since then this understanding of time, as Smolin has significantly influenced our own conception of , and possibly, has deviated from its essence is still unknown.

This thinking led me to write the post about the right pace chance. From a completely random set of numbers constructed a Brownian random motion whose rate or speed of removal of an arbitrary point is perfectly certain: each NxN steps the movement away only an effective distance N. Take, take random numbers to build the movement will get the same rate, a kind of speed away, obtained from an amorphous set of numbers. We establish a fundamental speed, a pace , which is linked time and distance (steps). Furthermore, this pace is directly related to a purely geometrical property, the fractal dimension of the path of movement.


universe and holographic paradigm related
For me, phenomena such as nonlocality and quantum coherence give us a clue what we're missing. Not only did we go wrong over time but our perception of reality. The reality consists entirely separate realities has helped us move forward, to establish and settle our scientific truths, but perhaps it when considering that the only way forward is to dismiss such disconnection, if we really want to delve into the essence of our world.

Can the holographic paradigm is the new way? Personally I think so, but it is significant because I believe it, but agree it is important because physical and Jacob D. Bekenstein, Nobel laureate Gerard 't Hooft , Utrecht University, Leonard Susskind , Juan Maldacena of Harvard University, or David Bohm .

Long before the results of quantum gravity that gives the singularity represents a black hole, based on the holographic paradigm deduced a similar solution (which, moreover, is not hard to deduce). In the same way that a portion of a hologram, separated from it, is able to play (although less clearly) the full hologram, I assumed that a black hole represents the same separation or disconnection of the universe. Based on this I thought that inside of the singularity that is the subject turns to project into new regions of space-time, in a way, as a new universe with its own characteristics. Still following this hypothetical paradigm, one could assume that the Planck constant of action would be significantly more larger than ours, implying a lower definition and greater uncertainty (would correspond to the less clearly in holography).


Matter-energy and information
safely do not know if it still exists a level of structure of matter still hidden from us. In this case the quarks and leptons would be formations of even more elementary particles, but regardless of that elemental level, the study of the properties of black holes have deduced absolute limits that mark the information that fits in a given region space. Given that these limits depend on the matter and energy in that space is amazing that we can deduce a limit without even knowing with absolute certainty, the last component of the field.
Whatever the final component of the field there is a limit on the information that is capable of supporting a particular region of space and curiously this limit depends directly on the surface that encompasses the region. If we consider that area as the area of \u200b\u200b event horizon of a black hole is as if information had been written on this surface, so that each bit (each 0 or 1 digital coding) appropriate and 4 areas of Planck (10 -66 square centimeters), as a kind of hologram.

(*) New edition of the entry of May 6, 2009 on the interesting subject of the holographic paradigm. You can also follow two other entries: holographic theory and gravitation o holographic universe?. Happy holidays

friends.

What Do You Do With A Super Sore Toe

Fractals, empty and beautiful quantum theories


" Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, and lightning does not travel in straight lines. The complexity of the forms of nature differs essentially from that of the shapes of ordinary geometry , are forms of fractal geometry .
From Introduction to The Fractal Geometry of Nature (B. Mandelbrot)

Years ago I read the book "The fractal objects" by Benoit Mandelbrot, a classic on this new discipline. In the back saying fractals that allow us to meet virtually any discipline in a new way, providing a new perspective and expertise in the same . I drew wide attention from the beginning and started with simple programs to view them. With very few instructions the program I introduced into a new world of incredible wealth. So I spent a while until one day, concentrating on the characteristics essential simplest fractals such as the coasts, I noticed some similarities, at the time of measuring them with the actions we perform the quantum vacuum energy.


simple relationship in the fractal characteristics of its development distances to calculate its fractal dimension. In the figure Koch curve, we note that each side of length 3 is replaced by a broken line of length 4, the next iteration. The fractal dimension of the curve is log 4 / log 3 = 1.26186 ... Based on the ratio of lengths. Similarly, what could be the scale to relate to calculate the fractal dimension the quantum vacuum?. In the vacuum, the scalar determinant of its structure is called virtual power , based on it as the distances decrease its value increases, because their magnitudes are inversely related. That is why we need enormous energy to study the structure of extremely small distances each time particle accelerators have to be huge.

Based on these simple considerations and taking into account the corrections that I detail in the entry " The natural measure of things " I found the value 9 ( 3 dim. + 6 coef. dimensional) for the fractal dimension spatial vacuum quantum fluctuations. This value coincided with the overall dimensions predicted by superstring theories , which in some way mean that the quantum fluctuations of vacuum would be able to cover a space of 9 dimensions of space, or space-time of 10 dimensions.


Based on these results, however, found that these fluctuations distarían much to flush as we know, almost flat and stable, capable of holding the subject and providing a framework of stability to the universe we know. Deepening I noted (it is still theoretical, since later) that a kind of transition happening in matching the number of compact (6 dimensions) with the dimensional ratio (equal to 6) ( see an outline of this idea ). In this transition were masked the 6 extra dimensions and "forged" stable and flat space we know. Without it, our universe would have been uninhabitable and barren. Quantum fluctuations do not depend on the inverse distance and prevent the existence of the stability necessary for foreign matter particles or even stable. The world and the beauty in it would not have been possible. Not exist, neither we nor any beauty that we are able to observe.



That idea was what led me in a moment of "feeling important" to call this possibility theory: "The beautiful theory."



Now that this blog is playing possibly his last I discover the true origin of its name. A hug friends.

Track And Field Cake Ideas

The butterfly effect a strange attractor. Theory of the double outer

The order is associated with a significant degree of prediction, chaos happens otherwise. Linear systems, represent the order, are predictable and comfortable to handle, hence our tendency to generalize. Faced with a myriad of situations we generalize, we plan to present data to try to find a future behavior and almost always goes well. But there are systems that resist: small variations, uncertainties in initial conditions lead to completely uncontrolled and unpredictable end. These are called chaotic systems (Figure , strange attractor "poisson_saturne" done with the program Chaoscope ).


To study these systems requires a different methodology. Their study was done in the so-called phase space, an abstract space in which all variables represent the system dynamics. For example, an ideal simple pendulum would be represented by two variables, speed and the position of the sprung mass. His portrayal may be, therefore, in the plane and would be a circle. Each point on the same two numbers represent the speed and position, at that time.


That figure in the phase space, which approximates the studied phenomenon is called the attractor. In chaotic systems the attractor is not usually a point, a circle, a geometric figure known, but in chaotic systems is shaped "strange", hence receiving the name of "strange attractor" with a fractional or fractal dimension (Figure , attractor Lorenz, 3D with the program Chaoscope ).

The first of these was found , by chance, by the meteorologist Edward Lorenz when he tried to find a mathematical model to predict the behavior of large air masses. Managed to adjust the model to only three variables that indicate how to change the speed and air temperature over time (Lorenz attractor).


After studying the model, re-enter the initial data - this time with fewer decimal places, and the result we got was completely different than before. When reflecting on the results realized the system was extremely sensitive to initial conditions: small perturbations in the initial data have a great influence on the outcome. His equations captured the essence of the real atmosphere. "That first day (Winter 1961) decided that the broad predictions were doomed to extinction." But it was more than chance in their model of time: a fine geometric structure, order disguised as accident.


To explain in a graphical way - and exaggerated - the question occurred to him that the mere flapping of a butterfly, which had not been taken into account in the initial data, a prediction could be modified to make it completely unviable after a certain time.
About

Butterfly Effect have written hundreds of articles, novels, songs and movies have been made. On the topic is very interesting an article Enrique Dans, professor at the Instituto de Empresa, which compares the "Internet ecosystem" with the nonlinear and complex systems like the weather: "The variables involved (in Internet) are not so: if we talk about climate mainly speed and air temperature, the Internet comes to visit, links and related matters. But the potential impact of an infinitesimal change in measurement of background variables can have a brutal impact on the final results ,...". "Criteria for everyone, apparently, taken for good, as the sacred Google PageRank, inbound links account for a website that carries out Technorati or Alexa popularity rankings are measured fully crude, rude, lacking intelligence, which respond only to desire and seek to reduce uncertainty, but they do, in general, pretty bad. "


In this sense we are in the era before the discovery of the butterfly effect, we use linear methods to try analyze complex systems, nonlinear, where the feedback of all kinds, and at all levels, are the very essence of the system. We need to know "the strange attractor of the Internet."

About: "Chaos, Making a New Science" by James Gleik. Seix Barral. Barcelona 1988. A magnificent book. ( Reissue of the post of October 17, 2006.)

Could be the very history of humanity as a very sensitive to initial conditions? :

"There's something amazing that I have always drawn attention to the story. It happened before, happens now and possibly ever will, humanity does not seem to know or can really control, where it goes. The events will happen and when all seems tied up and in place, comes a new incident that disrupts all, wars, revolutions, economic crisis or other catastrophe. In these situations the story, after they occurred, draws conclusions and helps us to prevent their recurrence, but there is always something that escapes us and everything returns to lead a new catastrophe, everything starts over again. "

Continue reading: History , dignity and butterfly effect, my collaboration with Book notes. A hug.

Roger Penrose

How To Get Into The Carrot Factory

physical theories classified into three groups: superb, useful and tentative. The theory of the double outer come, no doubt, in superb theories. It is speculated sandwich and sandwich between the so-called group of theorists: Vicente Martí, Ximo Moll and myself. Among co-workers started calling us and why we came up with theories to explain the reality of an alternative. The relationships between people, between the sexes, at work ... Everything could be seen differently and thus reflect on realities that we take for granted. Feet on the ground (humility) and head in the clouds (imagination and humor).


face of misery and suffering around us and strangers, we decided that each of us must have a double outer in a parallel universe, beyond anything imaginable. When we have a bad day will coincide with the best double sidereal day. If we bounce here on Earth the outer double is hired by the best company to work the best. If we let the bride, the outer two plan to get your life ... Everything good that we can not do, or not leave us, he does it. And so when something goes wrong in how well we will do our twice and laughed for a while because, at the thought, get away, in a way, small or great misery. The "law" that supports this theory is a kind of universal cosmic law of compensation. "

Following the thread, the "theory of the fly" also enter the field of "theoretical" and indicated . It is a sort of "butterfly effect" around the house ("a simple fly is able to change history.") In more serious plan, this theory would dilute the very cause and effect:

"I will make a startling claim that, then try to demonstrate: our life is influenced by people and events that in most cases, we are unknown. These people, if you spend some time with us, are complete strangers but on occasion have changed the course of our existence, purely accidental actions, without any intention, and have gone on without being aware of the facts that have triggered. They, in turn, are less sensitive to the curious web of mutual influence around us, also have their legion of strangers can alter their fate. "Read more .


In memory of my good friend Vicente Martí, the theorist who left us a week ago after painful disease. From where you are, Vicente, you will be laughing a bit with this post. And if heaven awaits us there.

Congratulations to the outer double.

In most transcendent plan: message in a bottle.

Is There Another Name For Trichloracetic

Fractals, natural geometry (*) Triangles

geometry so intuitive that we are taught in school, based on lines, points and surfaces is really a great effort idealized abstraction because these elements do not exist in the everyday world. A real line or surface irregularities are filled overlook to abstract its essence and translate it into simpler concepts as straight and flat.


With fractals, in a way, get rid of this abstraction, and we come a little closer to the real thing. Benoit Mandelbrot uses the simple example of a real object, such as the coastal countries, to approximate fractals. Are broken lines still look like when we change of scale. Precisely these two properties are what define a fractal discontinuity (break, fracture, hence the name) and self-similarity with the change of scale. We measure the degree of fracture and irregularity with a single number called fractal dimension. Reviewing

intuitively the concept of dimension, note that a point has no extent (size zero) to a line we measure in meters or linear feet, which means assigning a dimension (a single measure: length), to a surface must be measured in meters or square centimeters (size two: length and width) and a volume as measured in meters or cubic centimeters (three dimensions: length by width by height). A fractal generally have a dimension (fractal dimension) which is between zero and one, between one and two or between two and three.

Suppose the simplest case, a line represented by a thread fractal crumpled, and imagine that it has fractal dimension 1.25. If another thread has fractal dimension 1.35, the simple comparison of their fractal dimensions implies that the second thread is more wrinkled than the first, presents more irregularities. The whole part of the fractal dimension (in this case 1) is telling us that the object with which we deal is a line, we measured the fractional part of their degree of irregularity.

The fractal dimension also gives the ability for the purpose of occupying the space . The fractal dimension 1.35 thread is able to fill the plane dimension better than 1.25. In fact, if we wrinkles will increase the fractal dimension close to 2 when we managed to fill, almost entirely to surface thread. A classic fractal this type is called the Peano curve.


Fractals are basically simple objects, are easily generated by computer . By programming very few orders, and from a minimum number of data, create real wealth and wonders of extraordinary complexity. The Mandelbrot fractal is an example. As we try to expand, using information technology, any of its parts we find a new landscape similar to the original but with new and surprising details. We can go on as we want and allow us to power our computer, we continue to show a new fantasy world that is never repeated, with each new expansion. A world emerged from almost nothing, a simple expression that binds and new data feeds.

Curiously, the expression is so simple: posterior value = (old) 2 + constant (with a restrictive condition).

The observation of these fractals created by computer, always reminds us of some natural object near unknown but possibly because the economy of means to achieve complexity is a very typical feature of Nature. It is the strategy adopted to achieve better distribution of blood vessels throughout the body, the optimum arrangement of the branches of trees or in the folds of the brain to get the largest area in the smallest space. Real

wonders of fractal art.

(*) In my work with Book of Notes, the monthly column cienciasyletras.