HEART SYSTEM AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
1. FUNCTIONS
The circulatory has several functions : used to carry food and oxygen to the cells , and to collect metabolic waste to be eliminated through the kidneys der ( urine ), and exhale the air in the lungs , rich in carbon dioxide (CO2). In all this work is provided by blood, which is constantly circulating. In addition, the circulatory system has other major functions: involved in the body's defenses , regulates body temperature, transports hormones , etc.
2. PARTIES.
heart's blood vessels
Blood Blood is the fluid that circulates throughout the body via the circulatory system, comprising the heart and a system of pipes or vessels, the blood vessels .
Blood describes two complementary circuits called general circulation greater or less than or lung.
Blood Blood is a liquid tissue composed water and organic and inorganic substances (minerals ) dissolved, forming the blood plasma and three types of formed elements or cells Blood: red blood cells, white cells and platelets . A drop of blood contains about 5 million red blood cells, 5,000 to 10,000 white blood cells and about 250,000 platelets. The
blood plasma is the liquid part of blood. It's salty, yellow and float it the other blood components, also carries nutrients and waste substances from the cells collected. The plasma when the blood clot, causes the blood serum.
The RBC , also called erythrocytes or RBCs , are responsible for the distribution of molecular oxygen (O2). Biconcave disc shaped and are so small that in each cubic millimeter is four to five million, measuring about seven microns in diameter. They have no nucleus therefore considered dead cells. Erythrocytes have a reddish pigment called hemoglobin which serves to transport oxygen from lungs to the cells. Insufficient production of hemoglobin or red blood cells by the body, leads to anemia of variable etiology, it may be a nutritional deficiency, a genetic defect or to various causes.
The white blood cells have a prominent role in the immune system to perform cleaning work (phagocytes) and defense (lymphocytes). They are larger than red blood cells, but less numerous (about seven thousand per milliliter cubic), are living cells that move, get out of the capillaries and are dedicated to destroying the microbes and dead cells found throughout the body. also produce antibodies that neutralize microbes that produce infectious diseases .
The platelet are tiny cell fragments, are used to plug wounds and prevent bleeding.
heart
The heart is a hollow organ, fist-sized, enclosed in the thoracic cavity in the center of the chest between the lungs on the diaphragm , giving name to the "entrance" of stomach or cardia. Histologically in the heart are three layers of different tissues, from inside to outside is called the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium. The endocardium consists of epithelial tissue lining that is continuous with the endothelium within the blood vessels . The myocardium is the most voluminous layer, being composed of muscle tissue of a special type called heart muscle tissue. The pericardium surrounds the heart completely.
The heart is divided into two mit ades that do not communicate among themselves a right and left, the right half always contains oxygen-poor blood , from the superior and inferior vena cava, while the left half heart has always oxygen-rich blood and that from of the pulmonary veins, will be distributed to oxygenate the tissues of the body from the ramifications of the great aorta
Each half of the heart presents a upper chamber, the atrium or ventricle and lower , well-developed muscular wall. There are therefore two atria: right and left, and two ventricles: the right and left. Between the atrium and the same half ventricle heart valves there are some calls atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral , half right and left respectively) that open and close continuously, allowing or preventing blood flow from the ventricle to the corresponding atrium.
When the thick walls of a ventricle muscle contract (ventricular systole), the corresponding atrioventricular valve closes, preventing the passage of blood into the atrium, so that blood flows into the arteries hard. When a ventricle relaxes, while the atrium contracts, blood is flowing systole atrial and the atrioventricular valve opening. 
As a pump, the heart drives blood throughout the body, making his work in successive phases. First fill the upper chambers or atria, then shrink, opening the valves and the blood enters the lower chambers or ventricles. When full, the ventricles contract and push blood into the arteries. The heart beats about seventy times per minute thanks to its natural pacemaker and pumped every day some 10,000 liters of blood. Systole and diastole
The heart has two moves: One of contraction called systole and a dilation called diastole . But the systole and diastole are not performed simultaneously in all the heart, there are three stages: atrial systole, the atria contract and blood passes to the ventricles that were vacíos.Sístole Ventricular: the ventricles contract and the blood can not return to the atria have been closed for bicuspid and tricuspid valves, passes to the pulmonary artery and aorta. They also have, at first called semilunar valves and valves that prevent backflow the general sangre.Diástole: The atria and ventricles dilate, the muscles relax and blood flows back to the aurículas.Los strokes occur in the contraction of the ventricles beat rise, which in humans range between 70 and 80 beats per minute.
During periods of rest the heart is about 70 beats per minute in an adult male, and in this same interval pumps about five liters of blood. The stimulus that keeps this pace is completely self-regulated. Embedded in the right atrium is a mass of specialized heart tissue called the sinoatrial node or sinus dnodo (SA). The SA node (where the flare originates in the image you see) is sometimes called the pacemaker of corazónpor it establishes the basic rhythm of the pulsations of that organ. The heart muscle fibers, like all cells, externally have a positive electric charge and a negative electrical charge inside. In the "pacemaker" spontaneous discharge occurs seventy times per minute. This, in turn, produces the discharge in the muscle fibers surrounding the atrium, in turn This causes a weak electric wave that travels through the atria and causes them to contract. When the current reaches the islands of connective tissue separating the atria and ventricles are, is absorbed by the atrioventricular node (AV). This communicates with a system of branching fibers that carry current to all parts of the ventricles, which then contracted vigorously. This contraction is called systole.
blood vessels
The blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) are muscular elastic tubes that distribute and collect blood from all parts of the body. They are called arteries those blood vessels that carry blood , whether rich or poor in oxygen, from the heart to the body organs . The large arteries that come from the heart's ventricles are branching out and becoming thinner until finally become capillaries, thin vessels so that through them and performs gas exchange of substances between blood and tissues. Once this blood-tissue exchange through the capillary network , capillaries and venules are meeting in veins through which blood returns to the atria of the heart.
arteries are thick and elastic vessels that originate in the ventricles supply blood to the organs of the body including blood flows under pressure due to the elasticity of the walls.
off two arteries of the heart :
1. Pulmonary artery coming from the right ventricle and carries blood to the lungs.
2. Aorta artery from the left ventricle and branches, artery of the latter out other major among which are:
· The carotid: They provide oxygenated blood to the head.
· subclavian: They provide oxygenated blood to the arms.
· Liver: It brings oxygenated blood to the liver .
· Splenic: Provides oxygenated blood to the spleen .
· Mesenteric: They provide oxygenated blood to the intestine .
· Stones: They provide oxygenated blood to the kidneys .
· iliac: blood supply oxygen to the legs.
capillaries.
are extremely thin vessels that are divided and penetrating arteries to all organs of the body, to rejoin form veins.
Veins are thin-walled vessels and inelastic collecting blood and return it to heart, flowing in the Atria. In the lead right atrium: the superior vena cava formed by the jugular veins coming from the head and subclavian (veins) that come from members superiores.La Cava are lower than the iliac legs coming from the kidney of kidneys, and the suprahepatic of Coronary hígado.La surrounding the atrium heart. left leads the four pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs and arterial blood curiously.
heart rate heart rate is defined as the time the heart does the entire cycle, contraction and relaxation, minutes. For comfort is always in contractions per minute, since when we take the pulse of what we notice is the contraction of the heart (systole), ie when blood ejected into the rest of the body. The number of contractions per minute is a function of many aspects and for this and for the speed and simplicity of frequency control makes it a very useful, both for physicians and for coaches and of course, for sports fans or professional athletes. The pulsations of a person of a given moment can be said to depend on several large sets of variables. In one group will not directly the subject and in most cases are temporary and conditional, such as temperature, altitude or air quality, time of day or the individual's age. In another group which are intrinsic to the subject imposed by genetics as height, somatotio, gender and as no one's genetics. Another group that is conditional and temporary but psychological as fear, love, stress or sleep. And in the last group I will join the variables that are properly modifiable by the individual, such as physical activity they do, the type of physical activity, the time taken by the activity and severity. Maximum Heart Rate
maximum heart rate (HRmax) suona the maximum number of beats that gives the heart in one minute . What is the point? It enables the heart rate we have to take the job as want to do. Example, if we have a maximum heart rate of 190 and want to work in the intermediate aerobic zone 60% to 70% will go to 115 and 130 beats per minute. We have several equations that allow us to know maximum heart rate (HRmax), without having to prove it with an envelope maximum effort, from the simplest in which we do not need any equipment to the most reliable tests are needed effort monitored.
general formula for calculating the HRmax
general formula (Fox and Haskell) and the most used, but the less reliable is the one that says we just have to subtracting the fixed amount of 220 our age in years, ie 220 - 30 years = a maximum heart rate of 190. This formula has several significant drawbacks, first it does not take into account the starting point is not the same resting heart rate being 70 to 50 an hour to see the pulse ideal job. Another is the gender, women, on average, has the highest heart rate than men so their pulse for a given job should be slightly higher than in men. A subject's keystrokes for work to 60% = 220-30 = 190 60% = 114Las clicks for a job subject to 90% = 220-30 = 190 90% = 171Aun and can say it works with some qualifications, women should subtract their age a figure to be around 225/228 and according to the task we undertake should add between 10 and 20 beats to the amount of work. For example: In the former case 220-30 = 190 60% = 114 we add 15 = 129 In the former case 220-30 = 190 = 171 90% we add 15 = 186 Anyone who has done sports knows that this second calculation is closer to real work.
Factors affecting heart rate
age: the basal (low) but we have nothing but high birth, since then descends with age. Maximum frequency on the pre-pubertal adolescents and more than those less than adults. The highest maximum frequency is reached between 8 and 10 years. Some studies claim that the major difference between the baseline and the maximum is reached after puberty and this difference diminishes with age.
The time of day, different variables time also affect the number of beats per minute of any individual. For example in the morning we have fewer keystrokes than the afternoon. After eating, while making the digestion and depending on the amount and type of food can have between 10 and 30% more keystrokes than at rest. Sleep or fatigue decrease keystrokes. When we sleep frequency peaks reached baseline, beats per minute minimum we can continue to live. Temperature: the higher heat more keystrokes and the way the colder lower beats. height: The higher less oxygen in the air we breathe and therefore the heart has to pump more to get the same oxygen.
Pollution: Some components of pollution and pushed carbon monoxide to oxygen decreases the amount of this in every liter of air. As the heart acts as if it lacked the heart rate oxygen to maintain oxygen consumption.
genetics, greatly affects all aspects of beats per minute, affects both resting heart rate, as the maximum or operating the aerobic range. These values \u200b\u200bare very trainable but also the progression of these will be largely dictated by genetics. Dictates some aspects by genetic as height, or gender affect the frequency.
The genus : Women on average have between 5 and 15 beats per minute more than men.
somatotype or body composition: The higher people have the lowest heart rate to the lowest and the least that fat people thin. The more muscular than non-muscular. The psychological
: States that increase the feeling of alertness, such as nerves, anxiety, fear, love or sexual arousal increases heart rate, in some cases can reach the maximum without parallel activity. And conversely states that lower the alert level also debase the beats per minute, these states may be the sleep, relaxation, contentment or calmness.
Posture: Lying is how we obtain the lowest frequency and bipedal (standing) the highest. This difference between pulses that a subject is lying and who is standing, is a fast and reliable way to see the fitness of that individual. The higher the difference will be less physical training on the subject.
Metabolism: The metabolism specific to each person affects basal heart rate or heart rate at rest and also to the maximum heart rate.
heart and exercise .
The heart is a muscle very adaptable to physical activity as sedentary. The difference with a skeletal muscle such as biceps, is that if we have a weak biceps and surrounded by a good layer of fat, this little impact on our daily lives. But a weak heart can lead to death much sooner than expected. Death from heart problems and cardiovascular system in middle age, is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Many of these could be prevented with a healthy lifestyle and healthy living is inter alia made at least forty minutes of exercise. Many studies claim that a person 65 who makes a planned hour of physical activity a day, will be in better physical condition than a sedentary person of 40 years. It seems incredible, but true. We can dramatically slow down a lot of changes that occur with age.
In people who exercise with aerobic work or enlarged heart chambers and down the beats per minute plus tension and improve blood transport capacity , lower blood pressure and increase quality and density of red blood cells . People do not think in the heart as a muscle that can grow or strengthen the same way as other muscles, but in fact, respond as such training. Continuous aerobic work and appropriate intensities makes the fibers that make up the heart muscle becomes thick and strong, increasing muscle mass of this body. The larger the heart muscle, more blood pumped per beat, reducing the final work done by the heart to stay alive, which lengthens the life of our heart, and above all allows you to be healthier and stronger for longer. All training must have planning and progression, and the professionals responsible for your training need to know your capabilities and your disability. Not everything that is sold as a sport is directly beneficial for the heart, some sports such as not being a pilates aerobic work, no direct impact on improving the cardiovascular system.
The physical activity is an excellent way to prevent health problems. Train the heart reduces the risk of heart disease and all kinds of cardiovascular disease, but sport does not mean the patient to walk away from cultivating other contributing factors in order to nullify the cardiovascular risk, such as having a low fat diet or quitting smoking . The practice of moderate exercise or sports with the observation of other health habits may has an immediate effect on reducing risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity and hypercholesterolemia. With the sport lowering overall cholesterol levels and raises HDL (good cholesterol). It also benefits patients with type II diabetes by increasing the sensitivity of cells to insulin. In addition, exercise improves organizational capacity of the heart, reducing the need for oxygen and reduced blood pressure with which the drug is less need and improves quality of life. We suggest performing aerobic exercise three to five times per week in sessions of not less 30 minutes, controlling the heart rate so that it remains within moderate levels. The most recommended activities are walking fast or jogging at an easy pace, cycling and swimming. The intensity should be moderate and must move large muscle groups. Experts acknowledge that the exercise serves as a lever to start to reduce the presence of other risk factors. Fully in the sport allows for better control of caloric intake, resulting in a decrease in overweight and produces a noticeable improvement in the quality of life, which influences the abandonment of negative habits such as snuff, alcohol intake or persistence of an inappropriate diet. Support It is recommended that three to five trips per week, 30 to 60 minutes, at an intensity between 65 and 85 percent of maximum heart rate. To calculate the training heart rate (FCE) can do the following calculation: FCE = (220 - age) x 0.65.
Another adaptation of the heart when performing a regular aerobic exercise is a lengthening of the cardiac muscle fibers leading to an increase in cardiac chambers, this is what is known as cardiomegaly. The consequences of this increased size is that each "stroke" of blood volume that is greater and therefore the amount of oxygen carrying blood with each beat is increased. Another major change is the reduction in heart rate both at rest and during submaximal exercise (between 70-75% of maximum). This means that an individual at rest, without training, your heart has a frequency of beats per minute to about 70 and as the amount of blood pumped on average is about 70 cc. with each beat, if we multiply the two figures will get a total of 4,900 cc. of blood per minute (this figure is known as cardiac output, amount of blood pumped by the heart in a minute).
In an individual trained in sleep, your heart may beat about 40 beats as the heart of this individual is enlarged, the amount pumped more serious and would entail about half of 120 cc. blood in each "stroke", if we multiply the two values \u200b\u200bwe obtain a total 4,800 cc. so we can see how pumped resting the same amount of blood by two individuals.
Another difference is what happens to levels of submaximal exercise. The untrained individual is beginning to tire and the individual trained to do the same effort and pump the same amount of blood that needs fewer keystrokes untrained and therefore performs the same level of work with less effort. Already in the maximum effort we can see how the two individuals have their hearts beating as possible, of course we can calculate how the individual trained more blood pumped to the untrained can sometimes achieve this increase to 70-80% more blood in one than in another. It is natural that the individual efforts by trained harder and longer lasting when your heart pumping more blood.
With respect to heart rate we have seen that with training this can be reduced resting and submaximal exercise, but maximal exercise is not modified. Maximum heart rate is usually conditioned by age, the calculation formula is 220 minus age in years (a 40 years would have their maximum heart rate 180 beats). That is much to train an individual, this did not change, but as we have seen before the difference with the untrained is to pump more blood when the heart rate to it.
These changes on heart rate at rest and submaximal exercise the most important adaptation involving the heart does in response to training and of all the modifications which are encompassed within the "athlete's heart syndrome" and that years ago were considered as heart disease and today sa Bemos which are normal.
EFFECTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR exerted on the system.
When you make physical activity an ongoing basis and appropriate conditions occur in the cardiovascular system a-adapted:
- Increase the size of the heart chamber, allowing the heart to receive blood, and consequently increased stroke volume.
- Strengthens and thickens the walls of the heart, allowing it to push more blood with each systole.
- Decreases heart rate, which allows the heart to rest longer between systoles.
- Increases and improves the capillary network, which allows greater blood flow.
- Increased blood volume, red cell count and hemoglobin to carry more oxygen and nutritive substances.
QUESTIONNAIRE. Quote
circulatory functions. Quote
the parties to this unit and the main function of each.
are the main components of blood? What other name
are white blood cells? What about red?
What is your main role? What about the platelets? Which tour
follow a drop of blood in circulation increased? Why
consists of blood plasma?
What do you call the upper chambers of the heart?
Where is the tricuspid valve? What
half heart contains oxygen-rich blood?
What is diastole? And systole?
What is the main difference between a vein and an artery? Quote
a vein and an artery.
What is the function of capillaries?
Define your heart and your HRmax. Quote
some factors which affect the maximum heart rate of a person. Quote
some of the benefits and adaptations that the continued practice of physical activity is for the parties that make up the circulatory system.
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